1860s

1860s New Cooking Gadgets

Eggbeater with rack-and-pinion movement
Chuck wagon 1866

1860s New Foods

Perrier water
Canned pork & beans
Canned soup
Tabasco Sauce
White Rock Spring Water
Peerless Wafer
Cold breakfast food (Granula)
Gulden Mustard Fish & Chips (England)
Folgers coffee (pre-roasted & ground)
McDougall flour (English) in US
Peanuts as snack food
Text printed on “Conversation” candy
Fleischmann’s compressed yeast
Eggs Benedict (Delmonico, 1860)

1860s New Food Companies

Arm & Hammer
Cargill
Bassett
Schrafft
DelMonte
Bay Sugar Refining
Royal Baking Powder
Chase & Sanborn
Goodman’s Matzohs
Ghiardelli
Nestle
Tobler
Armour meat-packing factory: 1868
Chicago Union stockyards: 1865
Louis-Dreyfus, grain trader

1860s Food Industry Beginnings

Pasteurization – sterilization by heat & pressure: 1864
Demonstration of starch produced by photosynthesis
Roller mills (stone)
Flour mill with middling (bran & outer grain layer) purifier
“Patent” flour (double ground)
Mechanical refrigerator: 1861
Ice machine: 1865
Ovaltine testing
Salmon cannery: 1864
Tin can with key opener
Thinner steel for cans
Machine-cut cans
Calcium chloride added to boiling water, speeding canning time
US Pretzel bakery 1861

1860s Farming Progress

US Department of Agriculture Homestead Act
Marsh reaper
Check-row corn planter
Massachusetts Agricultural College (UMass)
British Food & Drugs Act
Union starves South during Civil War
Wheat futures
Wide-scale cattle theft (rustling)
Steam trawlers import fish to England (thus, “fish & chips”)